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Liberal movements within Islam involve professed Muslims who have produced a considerable body of liberal thought on the re-interpretation and reform of Islamic understanding and practice.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Finally: Muslims Speak Out Against Jihad )〕〔Safi, O: "Progressive Muslims", One World: Oxford, 2003.〕 Their work is sometimes characterized as "progressive Islam" ((アラビア語:الإسلام التقدمي) '), although some regard progressive Islam and liberal Islam as two distinct movements.〔(Averroes Foundation )〕 The methodologies of liberal or progressive Islam rest on the interpretation and re-interpretation of traditional Islamic scripture (the Quran) and other texts (such as the Hadith), a process called ''ijtihad'' (see below).〔Aslan, R: "No god but God", Random House, 2005.〕 This can vary from the slight to the most liberal, where only the ''meaning'' of the Quran is considered to be a revelation, with its expression in words seen as the work of the Muhammad in his particular time and context. As a consequence, liberal/progressive Muslims may then interpret verses from the Quran allegorically or even set them aside. Liberal Muslim intellectuals who have focused on religious reform include Muhammad Ali, Sayyid al-Qimni, Nasr Abu Zayd, Khalil Abdel-Karim, Abdolkarim Soroush, Mohammed Arkoun, Mohammed Shahrour, Ahmed Subhy Mansour, Edip Yuksel, Gamal al-Banna, Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im, Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri, Javed Ahmad Ghamidi, Ahmed Al-Gubbanchi, Mahmoud Mohammed Taha, and Faraj Foda. Taha was executed for apostasy and Foda was assassinated by extremists, while most of the others have been criticised by more traditional Islamic scholars. Some liberal Muslims see themselves as returning to the principles of the early Ummah and to the ethical and pluralistic intent of their scripture, the Quran.〔(Muslim Council of Britain )〕 They distance themselves from some traditional and less liberal interpretations of Islamic law which they regard as culturally based and without universal applicability. The reform movement uses monotheism (''tawhid'') "as an organizing principle for human society and the basis of religious knowledge, history, metaphysics, aesthetics, and ethics, as well as social, economic and world order".〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Tawhid ) 〕 == Reform == The reform movements of Islam, like Reform Judaism, are movements ''within'' their parent religion, rather than an attempt at schism. They seek to adapt a traditional religion to liberal, human rights–oriented values, like Reform Judaism does with Judaism. Reform Muslims, like their more orthodox peers, believe in the basic tenets of Islam, such as the Six Elements of Belief and the Five Pillars and they consider their views to be fully compatible with Islam. Their main differences with more conservative Islamic opinion are twofold. The first lies in differences of interpretation of how to apply the core Islamic values to modern life,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Important.ca. Islam Religion In The Modern World )〕 the second a more reactionary dialectic which criticizes traditional narratives or even rejects them, thus denying any obligation to follow them while also allowing greater freedom in interpreting Quran regardless of the hadith.〔From the article (Where We Went Wrong: A Hard Look at Hadith ) by Jamal Khawaja〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Liberal Muslim movements」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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